INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY AND THE FUTURE OF LEGAL EDUCATION: A PROVOCATION
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.69970/gjlhd.v6i3.1085Abstract
This short paper explores, albeit in a preliminary fashion, challenges to legal education arising from the significant and radical impact of new information and communications technologies (ICTs) on law and legal practice. It uses the pervasiveness of ICTs to reframe the question of ‘law and technology’ from a philosophical perspective that sees information technology as an “environmental force”[1] that is capable of re-shaping our identity, agency and social relations, and hence constitutes a very significant means through which we make sense of the world.[2] The key question the paper poses thus emerges: how should we design the law curriculum when the law-technology relation is itself understood as a critical part of a continuing and profound transformation in what it means to be both a lawyer, and a human being?
[1] Luciano Floridi (ed), The Onlife Manifesto. Being Human in a Hyperconnected Era (Springer, 2015) 1; Luciano Floridi, The 4th Revolution: How the Infosphere Is Reshaping Human Reality (Oxford University Press, 2014).
[2] This contrasts with the broad but more limited, functional, orientation to technology which defines it (eg) as “any tool or technique, any product or process, any physical equipment or method of doing or making, by which human capability is extended” - Donald A Schön, Technology and Change: The New Heraclitus (Delacorte Press, 1967) 1.
References
REFERENCE LIST
A Articles/Books/Reports/Documentaries
Abel, Richard L, ‘“You Never Want a Serious Crisis to Go to Waste;” Reflections on the
Reform of Legal Education in the US, UK, and Australia’ (2015) 22 International Journal
of the Legal Profession 3
Anderson, James M et al, ‘Autonomous Vehicle Technology: A Guide for Policymakers’(Rand
Corporation, rev. ed, 2016)
Armitage, Alice, Cordova, Andrew K, and Rebecca Siegal, ‘Design Thinking: The Answer
to the Impasse between Innovation and Regulation’ (2017) 2 Georgetown Law Technology
Review 3
Bagaric, Mirko, Hunter, Dan and Wolf, Gabrielle, ‘Technological Incarceration and the End
of the Prison Crisis’ (2018) 108 Journal of Criminal Law & Criminology 73
Baxi, Upendra, The Future of Human Rights (Oxford University Press, 2nd ed, 2006)
Beaudrillard, Jean, In the Shadow of the Silent Majorities (MIT Press, 1983)
Bennet Moses, Lyria ‘Agents of Change’ (2011) 20(4) Griffith Law Review 763
Bennett Moses, Lyria, ‘How to Think about Law, Regulation and Technology: Problems
with Technology" as a Regulatory Target’ (2013) 5 Law, Innovation and Technology 1
Bennett Moses, Lyria, ‘Why Have a Theory of Law and Technological Change?’ (2007) 8(2)
Minnesota Journal of Law, Science and Technology 589
Bennett, Judith, et al, ‘Current State of Automated Legal Advice Tools’ (Networked Society
Institute Discussion Paper, University of Melbourne, April 2018)
Black, Julia, ‘Decentring Regulation: Understanding the Role of Regulation and SelfRegulation in a “Post‐Regulatory” World’ (2001) 54 Current Legal Problems 103
Broad, Ellen, Made By Humans: The AI Condition’ (Melbourne University Press, 2018)
Brownsword, Roger, ‘In the Year 2061: From Law to Technological Management’ (2015)
(1) Law, Innovation and Technology 1
L&T ISSUE 2019 GRIFFITH JOURNAL OF LAW &HUMAN DIGNITY
Brownsword, Roger Law, Technology and Society: Reimagining the Regulatory
Environment (Routledge, 2019)
Brownsword, Roger, ‘Lost in Translation: Legality, Regulatory Margins and Technological
Management’ Berkeley Technology Law Journal Vol 26 2011
Brownsword, Roger and Yeung, Karen (eds), Regulating Technologies: Legal Futures,
Regulatory Frames and Technological Fixes (Hart, 2008)
Byrnes, Nanette, ‘Technology and Persuasion’ MIT Technology Review (online, 23 March
<https://www.technologyreview.com/s/535826/technology-and-persuasion/>.
Christian, Charles, Legal Practice in the Digital Age: The Quest for the Killer Legal App
(Bowerdean Pub. Co. Ltd, 1998)
Clark, Andrew, ‘Information Technology in Legal Services’ (1992) 19(1) Journal of Law &
Society 13
Cloatre, Emilie and Pickersgill, Martyn (eds), Knowledge, Technology, and Law (Routledge,
Committee on Legal Education, Report of the Committee on Legal Education (Her Majesty’s
Stationary Office, 1971)
Denvir, Catrina, ‘Assisted Digital Support for Civil Justice System Users: Demand, Design
and Implementation’ (Final Research Report, UCL Centre for Access to Justice, A
INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY &LEGAL EDUCATION L&T ISSUE 2019
Dwyer, Déirdre, ‘Ethical Constraints on the Visualisation of Evidence at Trial’ (2008)
(1) Legal Ethics 85
Erdelez, Sanda and O’Hare, Sheila, ‘Legal Informatics: Application of Information
Technology in Law’ (1997) 32 Annual Review of Information Science and Technology
Eubanks, Virginia, ‘Automating Inequality: How High Tech Tools Profile, Police and Punish
the Poor’ (Macmillan, 2018)
Fausten, Dietrich, Nielsson, Ingrid and Smyth, Russell ‘A Century of Citation Practice on
the Supreme Court of Victoria’ (2007) 31 Melbourne University Law Review 733
Fiss, Owen, ‘Against Settlement’ (1984) 93 Yale Law Journal 1073
Floridi, Luciano, ‘The 4th Revolution: How the Infosphere Is Reshaping Human Reality’
(Oxford University Press, 2014)
Floridi, Luciano (ed), ‘The Onlife Manifesto. Being Human in a Hyperconnected Era’
(Springer, 2015)
Gageler, Stephen ‘What is Information Technology Doing to the Common Law?’ (2014)
(6) Australian Bar Review 146
Gageler, Stephen, and Rodger, Alan, ‘The Form and Language of Judicial Opinions’ (2002)
Law Quarterly Review 226
Garth, Bryant G, ‘Crises, Crisis Rhetoric, and Competition in Legal Education: A
Sociological Perspective on the (Latest) Crisis of the Legal Profession and Legal (2013)
(2) Education’ Stanford Law & Policy Review 503
Goodenough, Oliver, ‘Developing an E-Curriculum: Reflections on the Future of Legal
Education and on the Importance of Digital Expertise’ (2013) 88(3) Chicago-Kent Law
Review 845
Goodenough, Oliver, ‘Legal Technology 3.0’, Huffington Post, (online, 6 April 2015)
<https://www.huffingtonpost.com/oliver-r-goodenough/legal-technology30_b_6603658.html>
L&T ISSUE 2019 GRIFFITH JOURNAL OF LAW &HUMAN DIGNITY
Hadfield, Gillian K, Rules for a Flat World: Why Humans Invented Law and How to Reinvent
It for a Complex Global Economy (Oxford University Press, 2017)
Hartung, Markus, Bues, Micha-Manuel and Halbleib, Gernot, ‘Legal Tech: Die
Digitalisierung des Rechtsmarkts’ (C.H. Beck; Vahlen, 2018)
Hildebrandt, Mirielle, ‘Legal and Technological Normativity: More (and Less) than Twin
Sisters’ (2008) 12(3) Techne 169
Hildebrandt, Mireille, Smart Technologies and the End(s) of Law: Novel Entanglements of
Law and Technology (Edward Elgar, 2015)
Hindmarsh, Richard and Prainsack, Barbara, Genetic Suspects (Cambridge University
Press, 2010)
Holland, James and Webb, Julian, Learning Legal Rules: A Student’s Guide to Legal Method
and Reasoning (Oxford University Press, 9th ed, 2016)
Jasanoff, Sheila, Science at the Bar: Law, Science, and Technology in America (Harvard
University Press, 1997)
JusticeConnect, ‘Unbundling and the “missing middle”: Submission to the Law Council of
Australia’s Review of the Australian Solicitors’ Conduct Rules’ (Research Paper,
JusticeConnect, July 2018)
Katsh, M Ethan and Rifkin, Janet, Online Dispute Resolution: Resolving Conflicts in
Cyberspace (Jossey-Bass, 1st ed, 2001)
Keats Citron, Danielle, ‘Technological Due Process’, (2008) 85 Washington University Law
Review 1249
Khadem, Nassim ‘How the ATO is nudging Australians to pay more tax’ Sydney Morning
Herald, (online, 15 August 2018) <https://www.smh.com.au/money/tax/how-the-atois-nudging-australians-to-pay-more-tax-20180813-p4zx8x.html>
Koulu, Riikka, Law, Technology and Dispute Resolution: The Privatisation of Coercion
(Routledge, 2018)
INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY &LEGAL EDUCATION L&T ISSUE 2019
Kreps, David, and Kai Kimppa, ‘Theorising Web 3.0: ICTs in a Changing Society’ (2015)
(4) Information Technology & People 726
Law Society of New South Wales, ‘Report of the Commission of Inquiry into the Future of
Law and Innovation in the Profession’ (Research Report, The Law Society of NSW, 2017)
Leith, Philip and Hoey, Amanda, The Computerised Lawyer (2nd ed, Springer-Verlag,
Lessig, Lawrence, Code and Other Laws of Cyberspace, Version 2.0 (Basic Books, 2008)
Linklaters and Microsoft, ‘Lawyers: Agents of Change in a World of Digital
Transformation’ Digital Transformation (Webpage, April 2018)
Mackay, Hugh, ‘Information Society’ in Ritzer, George (ed), ‘The Blackwell Encyclopedia of
Sociology’ (John Wiley and Sons, Ltd, 2007)
<http://doi.wiley.com/10.1002/9781405165518.wbeosi043>
Manuel Castells, The Rise of the Network Society (Wiley-Blackwell, 2nd ed, 2010)
Manzini, Ezio, Design, When Everybody Designs: An Introduction to Design for Social
Innovation (The MIT Press, 2015)
Menkel-Meadow, Carrie, ‘Is ODR ADR? Reflections of an ADR Founder from 15th ODR
Conference, the Hague, the Netherlands’, (2016) 3(1) International Journal of Online
Dispute Resolution 4
Miller, Tim, Piers Howe, and Liz Sonenberg, ‘Explainable AI: Beware of Inmates Running
the Asylum Or: How I Learnt to Stop Worrying and Love the Social and Behavioural
Sciences’ (5 December 2017) arXiv
Moncrief, Madeline, ‘Momentum for Resolving Small Claims Online Is Gathering Pace’ The
Guardian, (online, 1 April 2015) <https://www.theguardian.com/medianetwork/2015/apr/01/resolving-small-claims-online-uk-courts>
Murray, Andrew, The Regulation of Cyberspace: Control in the Online Enviro
L&T ISSUE 2019 GRIFFITH JOURNAL OF LAW &HUMAN DIGNITY
Nixon, Ron, ‘US to collect social media data on all immigrants entering the country’ New
York Times (online, 28 September, 2017)
<https://www.nytimes.com/2017/09/28/us/politics/immigrants-social-mediatrump.html>
Pagallo, Ugo, ‘Good Onlife Governance: On Law, Spontaneous Orders, and Design’ in
Floridi (ed) The Onlife Manifesto. Being Human in a Hyperconnected Era (Springer, 2015)
Paliwala, Abdul (ed), A History of Legal Informatics (Prensas Universitarias de Zaragoza,
Park, Dong Huk, et al ‘Attentive Explanations: Justifying Decisions and Pointing to the Evidence’
(14 December 2016) arXiv
Paterson, John, ‘Trans-Science, Trans-Law and Proceduralization’ (2003) 12(4) Social &
Legal Studies 525
Perlman, Andrew M, ‘Reflections on the Future of Legal Services’ (Research Paper, No. 17-
, Suffolk University Law School, 9 May 2017)
Portable, ‘Design for Justice’ (Research Report, Portable, 2018)
Post, David, ‘In Search of Jefferson’s Moose: Notes on the State of Cyberspace’ (Oxford
University Press, 2009)
Queensland Law Society, Australian Solicitors Conduct Rules (at 1 June 2012)
Richmond, Douglas R, ‘Unoriginal Sin: The Problem of Judicial Plagiarism’ 45 (2013)
Arizona State Law Journal 1077
Riles, Annelise, ‘A New Agenda for the Cultural Study of Law: Taking on the Technicalities’
(2005) 53 Buffalo Law Review 973
Rule, Colin, ‘Is ODR ADR? A Response to Carrie Menkel-Meadow’ (2016) 3(1)
International Journal of Online Dispute Resolution 8
Rundle, Kristen, ‘Forms Liberate: Reclaiming the Jurisprudence of Lon L Fuller’ (Hart Pub,
Schön, Donald A, ‘Technology and Change: The New Heraclitus’ (Delacorte Press, 1967)
INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY &LEGAL EDUCATION L&T ISSUE 2019
Sherwin, Richard K, Visualizing Law in the Age of the Digital Baroque: Arabesques and
Entanglements (Routledge, 2011)
Spielkamp, Matthias, ‘Inspecting Algorithms for Bias’, MIT Technology Review (online, 12
June 2017) <https://www.technologyreview.com/s/607955/inspecting-algorithms-forbias>
Sullivan, William M, et al, ‘Educating Lawyers: Preparation for the Profession of Law’
(Jossey-Bass/Wiley, 2007)
Susskind, Richard E and Susskind, Daniel, The Future of the Professions: How Technology
Will Transform the Work of Human Experts (Oxford University Press, 2017)
Tamanaha, Brian Z, Failing Law Schools (The University of Chicago Press, 2012)
Thaler, Richard H and Sunstein, Cass R, Nudge: Improving Decisions about Health, Wealth,
and Happiness (Yale University Press, 2008)
Thornton, Margaret, Privatising the Public University: The Case of Law (Routledge, 2012)
Toffler, Alvin, Future Shock (Bantam Books, 1984)
Van den Berg, Bibi and Leenes, Ronald E, ‘Abort, Retry, Fail: Scoping Techno-Regulation
and Other Techno-Effects’ in Hildebrandt, Mireille and Gaakeer, Jeanne (eds), ‘Human
Law and Computer Law: Comparative Perspectives’ (Springer Netherlands, 2013)
Wall, David S and Johnstone, Jennifer, ‘The Industrialization of Legal Practice and The Rise
of the New Electric Lawyer: The Impact of Information Technology upon Legal Practice
in the U.K.’ (1997) 25(2) International Journal of the Sociology of Law 95
Webb, Julian ‘Legal Research and Information Systems: The Impact of Information
Retrieval Systems on Provincial Legal Practice’ 1993 2(3) Information & Communications
Technology Law 203
Webb, Julian, ‘Preparing for Practice in the 21st Century: The Role of Legal Education and
Its Regulation’ in Bergmans, Bernhard (ed) Jahrbuch der Rechtsdidaktik 2017/Yearbook
of Legal Education 2017 (Berliner Wissenschafts-Verlag, 2018)
L&T ISSUE 2019 GRIFFITH JOURNAL OF LAW &HUMAN DIGNITY
Webb, Julian, et al, ‘Setting Standards: The Future of Legal Services Education and
Training Regulation in England and Wales’ (Legal Education and Training Review, June
Weiser, Mark, ‘The Computer for the 21st Century’ (1991) 265(3) Scientific American 94
Whittaker, Meredith, et al, ‘AI Now Report 2018’ (Research Report, New York University,
December 2018)
Williams, Kimberly et al, The Legal Technology Guidebook (Springer, 2017)
Winston, Kenneth I (ed), The Principles of Social Order: Selected Essays of Lon L. Fuller
(Hart Pub, Rev ed, 2001)
B Cases
CCD and AMGD [2006] FamCA 1291
Mount Isa Mines Ltd v Pusey (1970) 125 CLR 383
C Other
Assuring Professional Competence Committee, ‘Assuring Professional Competence: What
We Need to Do’, Law Council of Australia (Web page, 2017)
Australian Government’s Behavioural Economics Team (BETA), ‘Projects’, BETA
(Webpage, 2018) <https://behaviouraleconomics.pmc.gov.au/projects>
British and Irish Association of Law Librarians, ‘BIALL Legal Information Literacy
Statement’, BIALL (Webpage, 2018 <https://biall.org.uk/careers/biall-legalinformation-literacy-statement/>
Council of Australian Law Deans, ‘Resources’, Council of Australian Law Deans (Webpage,
<https://cald.asn.au/resources/education/>
INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY &LEGAL EDUCATION L&T ISSUE 2019
JusticeConnect, ‘Unbundling and the “missing middle”: Submission to the Law Council of
Australia’s Review of the Australian Solicitors’ Conduct Rules’
Law Society of Western Australia, ‘Guidelines for Lawyers Providing Unbundled Legal
Services’, Law Society of Western Australia (Summary, 9 August 2017)
Stanford Legal Design Lab, ‘Legal Design Lab’, Welcome (Web Page, 2018)
<http://www.legaltechdesign.com/>
Swinburne University of Technology, ‘Faculty of Business and Law’, Swinburne Law
School (Webpage, 6 July 2018) <http://www.swinburne.edu.au/business-law/schoolsdepartments/swinburne-law-school/>
University of Helsinki, ‘Legal Tech Lab’, Legal Tech Lab (Web Page, 2019)
<https://www.helsinki.fi/en/networks/legal-tech-lab>
UTS, ‘Legal Future and Technologies Major’, UTS (Webpage, 23 January 2019)
<https://www.uts.edu.au/future-students/law/course-experience/legal-futures-and-technology-major>
Downloads
Published
Issue
Section
License
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.